Mar 31, Kathmandu - As the world's second-most populous country faces rapid population growth and mounting resource management pressures, India is set to commence its most extensive census campaign from Wednesday. Envisioned as a "massive national initiative," this effort involves deploying over 3 million personnel and aims to guide inclusive governance and evidence-based policymaking.

With a population nearing 1.4 billion, India is grappling with escalating challenges such as electricity shortages, food security issues, housing shortages, water scarcity, pollution, and overcrowded urban settlements. The upcoming census is expected to provide critical data to address these pressing concerns.

A key feature of this census is the inclusion of the most sensitive demographic detail — caste. Historically, caste-based social and occupational stratification has played a significant role in Indian society and politics. The last caste survey in 2011 remains unpublished, and the last comprehensive caste data collection was during British rule in 1931.

Logistically, this census presents formidable challenges. India previously conducted the world's largest democratic exercise during the 2024 general elections, which spanned seven weeks across multiple phases. The new census will be conducted in two phases: the first from September to gather data on households, housing conditions, and basic amenities, and the second to collect detailed social, economic, and caste-related information.

The first phase will involve door-to-door data collection and online self-enumeration options, supported by satellite imagery, digital mapping, and multilingual technological platforms. The second phase will delve into more detailed demographic, social, and economic data, with the final detailed census scheduled broadly for March 1, 2027. However, in remote regions like Jammu and Kashmir, adverse weather conditions may lead to an earlier completion by October 1, 2026.

Postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the previous census was conducted in 2011 with a population of 1.21 billion. According to the United Nations, India surpassed 1.42 billion by 2023, making it the most populous country in the world. This new census is expected to provide vital insights into India's social fabric, economic conditions, and future policy priorities, shaping the nation's development trajectory.